Table 7. Aposematic coloration and mimicry in Heliconius and Flea beetles
|
| |
|
co-mimics generally share same flight environment; Heliconius and others |
| row |
Flight environment |
Astrophaea-Decaloba feeders,
group I and others |
subgenus Passiflora feeders group II, and E. aliphera (old leaves only) |
|
| 1 |
Forest; edge |
H. sapho |
 |
H. cydno |
 |
| |
|
| 2 |
Edge |
H. hecalesia |
 |
H. hecale |
 |
| |
|
| 3 |
Edge; second growth |
H. erato |
 |
H. melpomene |
 |
| |
|
| 4 |
Edge |
H. sara |
 |
blue H. doris |
 |
| |
|
| 5 |
Edge |
Parides sp. (Papilionidae) |
 |
red H. doris |
 |
| |
|
| 6 |
Edge |
Melinaea lilis (Ithomiini) |
 |
H. ismenius |
 |
| |
|
| 7 |
Forest gaps, edge |
H. charithonus |
 |
no common mimic at La Selva |
| |
|
| 8 |
second growth |
Dryas iulia |
 |
Eueides aliphera (Heliconiini) |
 |
|
| |
Passiflora species |
Adult flea beetles found together on same plants |
|
| 9 |
P. pittieri, forest |
red Pedilia |
 |
Monomacra violacea |
 |
| |
|
|
|
| 10 |
P. lobata, forest, edge |
red Ptocadica |
 |
Monomacra violacea |
|
| |
|
|
|
| 11 |
P. auriculata, P. biflora
edge, second growth |
Parchicola DF2 |
 |
|
|
| 12 |
Ptocadica bifasciata
|
 |
Monomacra violacea
|
|
| 13 |
Disonycha quinquelineata |
 |
Monomacra chontalensis |
 |
| |
|
|
|
| 14 |
P. oerstedii second growth
P. ambigua, forest |
yellow Ptocadica |
 |
yellow-tibia Parchicola |
 |
| |
|
|
|
| 15 |
P. ambigua, forest
P. vitifolia, forest
P. quadrangularis
edge, second growth |
black-tibia Parchicola |
 |
Monomacra violacea |
|
|